IanStewart wrote:
Everything in the question about the student failing the tests is unimportant. The question asks us to assess the "validity of the student's claim". We need first to identify just what the student's claim is, and the question tells us: "The student claimed that the tests did not cover subject matter highlighted in the class lectures". We need to compare the lecture content with the test content to evaluate that claim, so B is the best answer.
The student's claim has nothing
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