This is a defective dangling modification topic, which has no correct choice to choose from. When you have an adjectival modifier starting with an ing form, then what follows the modifier phrase should be the one who is doing the action or who is capable of doing that action. The original text may not provide that doer, but at least one choice should provide the doer.
However, what follows the modifier in all the five choices is either a 'there is' or a 'there are' as if these phrases are
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However, what follows the modifier in all the five choices is either a 'there is' or a 'there are' as if these phrases are
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