Verbal | argue with vs argue against

Disclaimer: this is just based on my own instincts as a native speaker of English; I'm actually not sure whether there's a strict rule about this.

You argue with a person (or a group, etc). You argue against a concept, an idea, a proposal, etc. So, these sentences would all be correct:

John argued with Steve.
John argued with the jury.

John argued against Steve's proposal.
John argued against the verdict.
John argued against adopting a puppy.

I believe that technically, you can also 'argue
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