I'll go with E
A. satellites that is a part of 15 years effort of subjecting the interactions of Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces
Subject Verb Agreement Error. When we have "that" following "one of the plural" then the plural form of verb is used. Therefore "is" is wrong
B. satellites, which is a part of a 15-year effort to subject how Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces interact
Same as A
C. satellites, part of 15 years effort of subjecting
...
A. satellites that is a part of 15 years effort of subjecting the interactions of Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces
Subject Verb Agreement Error. When we have "that" following "one of the plural" then the plural form of verb is used. Therefore "is" is wrong
B. satellites, which is a part of a 15-year effort to subject how Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces interact
Same as A
C. satellites, part of 15 years effort of subjecting
...
