fusion327 wrote:
Regarding the including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, I thought 'comma + verb-ing modifier' only modifies the preceding clause. Then shouldn't the modifier be modifying something other than OPEC nations since 'OPEC nations' is a noun?
Hifusion327 , this indeed creates confusion. The rule you've mentioned is forpresent participial phrases. However,including isnot apresent participial phrase;including is actually apreposition . Hence, the general rules of participial phrases donot apply to including
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