Garibaldi captured Rome in 1870, in the final step in Italian Reunification, and as a consequence, the Vaticanhad ceased holding an army and had become a purely religious institution.
A. had ceased holding an army and had become--the use of the past perfect 'had ceased and had become' is wrong since these two are later events.
B. has ceased holding an army and has become --- It is not clear whether the Vatican, although a state as such, is still not having an army. If it still not having
...
A. had ceased holding an army and had become--the use of the past perfect 'had ceased and had become' is wrong since these two are later events.
B. has ceased holding an army and has become --- It is not clear whether the Vatican, although a state as such, is still not having an army. If it still not having
...
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